ruin　　荒廃、破滅
plain　　平原、野原
scorch　　焦がす、枯らす
scorched　　焼け焦げた

scorched earth policy　焦土作戦
nothing less than　　　まさに…に他ならない
rank alongside 　　　と並んで評価される

enterprise　　企業、会社
private think-tank　民間のシンクタンク
revise　　　改訂する
supplement　　補う
mutual coexistence　　相互依存
inroad　　　　侵入

From burned ruins to economic superpower. Japan was a scorched plain at the end of WW�U, and the starting economic growth that
it achieved in such a short time is nothing less than a miracle.

When America sneezes, Japan catches cold.

Japanese economy today ranks alongside that of America and the European Union in tems of its impact on the world economy.

Jaoanese products are exported to everyone region of the world, and in recent years not only large enterprises but even small and medium-size enterprises have been making inroads overseas.

Interest in Japan has grown, particularly as regards to its economy.

What were the secrets of Japan's rapid economic growth following the war?

What issues did Japan encounter as a result of its economic growth?

molecule　　分子、微量
moleculer　　分子の
particle　　粒子、微量
vapor　　　　蒸気
fragment　　破片、断片、少量

moleculer biology　分子生物学
molecular formula　分子式
water vapor　　　　水蒸気
particle of dust　粉塵

There is not a particle of doubt in his story.
Snow is formed by water vapor freezing around a dust particle in the air.

He was injured by a fragment of broken glass.
a fragment of a novel　　未完の小説

specimen　　見本、実例
pesticide　　殺虫剤
insecticide　　殺虫剤
poisonous　　　有毒な、有害な
detection　　検出、発見、探知

a specimen signature　　(銀行などに)登録するサイン
She is a fine specimen of health.　彼女は健康の見本のようだ。
detection of poisonous substanes　毒物の検出
a lie detector 　うそ発見器

inheritable　　遺伝する、相続できる
inherent　　　　本来備わっている、生まれつき存在する
inherit　　　　相続する、引き継ぐ
pledge　　　　　約束、公約
predecessor　　前任者

inherent rights　生得権
the faculty of speech inherent in human beings　人間に本来備わっている言語能力
Abe inherited the predecessor's pledge.安部は前任者の公約を引き継いだ。

immunity　　免疫、免除、免責
resistance　　抵抗、抵抗力、耐性
stiff　　　　堅い
immune　　　免疫のある、免除された

acquired immunity　　獲得免疫
natural immunity　　自然免疫
diplomatic immunity　　外交官免責特権
He is granted immunity from taxation.　課税免除を認められる。

put up a stuff resistance 強く抵抗する
a book with a stiff cover　　堅い表紙の本
as stiff as a board　　　　硬直して曲がらない
have little resistance to disease

self-possession　　冷静、沈着
flattery　　　　　お世辞を言うこと、お世辞、ほめ言葉
resistant　　　　抵抗する、耐性のある
enademic　　　　風土的な、地方特有の
wipe　　　　　　拭く、ふき取る

His self-possession made him immune from flattery.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndorome　後天性免疫不全症候群
a heat-resistant surface　　抗熱表面
a water-resistant watch　　防水腕時計
a fire-resistant watch　　耐火性の腕時計

a problem endemic to the construction industry　建設業界に特有の問題
Malaria is endemic in many hot countries. マラリアは多くの熱帯の国の風土病である。

wipe oneself　　体を拭く
wipe the table　テーブルを拭く
wipe one's eyes　　目をぬぐう

manipulation　　操作、ごまかし、市場操作
manipulate 　　操作する
operation　　　運転、操作
maneuver　　　操る、操作する

manipulate an airport　
manipulate voters
a machine no longer in operation
maneuver oneself thorough the crowd
genetically manipulated organization　　遺伝的に操作された組織

theoretically　　理論上は、名目上は
hypothetically　　仮想上は
supposedly　　　たぶん、恐らく
artery 　　　　動脈

Supposedly this substance clears the heart arteries by pushing the fatty "plague" against srtery wall.
推定するところでは、この物質が脂肪班を動脈の壁に押し付けて心臓の動脈をきれいにするのだろう。

patent　　特許をとる、特許、特許の、明らかな
patent holder　特許所有者
copyright　　著作権
monstrous　　途方もない、怪物のような、巨大な

outrageous　　突飛な、あきれるほどの、無礼な、見事な
hideous　　　恐ろしい、ぞっとする、とてつもなく大きな
massive　　　巨大な、大量の、大規模の

He took out a patent for the new medicine. 彼は新薬の特許をとった。
It was patent to everyone that she was pretending not to notice.
彼女が見て見ぬふりをしているのは誰の目にも明らかだった。

monstrous crimes　極悪非道の犯罪
That's a monstrous lie.　　そりゃひどいウソだ
an outrageous price　　法外な値段
It is outrageous that he should use my things without asking permission.
私のものを黙って使うなんてけしからん。
How outrageous she looks in red! なんて素敵な赤い服！
a massive monument　　巨大な記念碑
massive layoffs　　大量の一時解雇

crossbreed　異種交配させる
clumsy　　　不器用な、できの悪い
imbed　　　埋め込まれる、定着する
clause　　節、条項
precise　　正確な、精密な、明確な
inoculation　予防接種、注射

in a clumsy manner　　不器用に
a clumsy old word processor　使いにくい古いワープロ
He is clumsy at speaking in public.　人前で話のが苦手である。
He is clumsy with a tool.　

a crown imbedded with jewels
an imbedded clause　　埋め込み節
precise calculations　厳密な計算
a precise mind　　　　明晰な頭
a precise explanation　　明瞭な説明
at the precise moment　ちょうどその時

recombinant　　遺伝子組み換え
vast amount of 　大量の
vestigial　　　　痕跡の、名残の
udder　　乳房

a vestigial tail　尾の名残り

intervention　　介入、干渉
interventionism　干渉政策
interventionist　市場介入主義者
intervene　　　　間に入る、仲裁する、干渉する

government intervention to regulate prices
物価を統制するための政府の介入
intervention price　市場介入価格
intervention currency　介入通貨

A week intervenes between Christmas and New Year's Day.
intervene in a dispute　紛争の調停をする
The police don't like to intervene in cases of democratic troubles.　
警察は家庭内のもめごとには介入したがらない。

interference　干渉
interfere　　邪魔する
intrusion　　侵入、おしつけ
intrude　　　押し付ける、侵入する

The right to publish facts, ideas and opinions without interference from the government.
This noise is interfering with the baby's sleep.
He intrude his opinion on others.

inquisitive　　知識欲のある、好奇心のある
inquisition　　調査、研究
reconcile　　　和解させる、仲直りさせる
reconciliation　　和解、調停、調和
mediate　　　　　調停する、解決する

She is inquisitive in asking about my family.
an inquisition into a matter　　事件の調査
subeject him to an inquisition　　彼を尋問にかける
I made efforts to reconcile him with his wife.
They became reconciled.　彼らはよりを戻した。

mediatory efforts　仲介の労
An independent body was called in to mediate in the dispute.
Visit of prime minister bring about a reconciliation.　

gene　遺伝子
genetic　遺伝学
modify　変更する
comprise　含む、包含する、構成する
contain　　含む
inspect　　詳しく調べる
consist of 構成する

Our plan was completely modified based on the lessons from Gread Hanshin-Awaji earthquake.

My family comprises two daughters.　【含む】
The two daughters are comprised in his family.

Four main islands comprise Japan.　【構成する】
Japan is comprised of four main islands.

How much was the tank containing when you last inspected it?
Most e-mail only consists of text.

embrace　含む、抱きしめる、取り巻く
hug 抱きしめる、抱擁
fowl　　　ニワトリ、家禽
inoculate　　予防接種する
pluch　　　　抜き取る

She embrace her daughter tenderly.
The term "mankind" embraces not only grown-up men and women but also children and babies.
She hugged her baby tightly.
hug an outworn opinion　古くさい考えに執着する

inoculate fowl against chicken cholera
a plucked fowl　羽毛を取り去ったニワトリ

breed　　産む、飼育する、繁殖させる
breeding　　繁殖、生殖、品種改良、礼儀作法
canine　　　犬の、イヌ科の
cattle　　牛
alter　　作り変える、変える

He breeding pigs for the market.
the breeding season　　繁殖期
a man of good breeding　　育ちの良い人
canine madness　　　狂犬病
This coat must be altered: it's too loose.

unaltered　　変わらない、不変の
grass　　　　草、牧草
peasant　　　農夫
shepherd　　羊飼い
meadow　　　草地
fertile　　肥えた、肥沃な

a fertile meadow 肥沃な牧草地
a country blessed with fertile land

stable　　主要な、主要産物
primary　　主要な、最も重要な
indispensable　　絶対必要な、不可欠な

a stable government　　安定した政府
The patient is in a stable condition.
a stable relationship　　安定した関係
a calm, stable person　　もの静かでしっかりした人
My primary concern is for your safety.
Sleep is indispensable to good health.
For some people, the internet is indispensable.

cultivation　　耕作、栽培、教養
cultivate　　　耕す、栽培する
train　　　　教育する、仕込む
foster　　育成する、助長する、育てる、抱く
cultivated　　教養のある、洗練された、耕作された

under cultivation　　耕作中の
out of cultivation　　休耕中の
His successful cultivation of tobacco led to its becoming the stable crop of the state.　

She cultivated her mind by reading many books.
彼女は多くの本を読んで精神を陶冶した。
He train a child to respect his parents.
He train young men to be good citizens.

His musical ability was fostered in Vienna.　ウィーン
I foster an ambition to win the Nobel prize.
ノーベル賞を受賞したいという大望を抱く。

nourish　　養う、育てる、抱く
hatred　　憎悪、嫌悪
nourishment　　食物、栄養、助長
placenta　　　胎盤
absorb　　　吸収する
enlighten　　啓発する、教える
heathen　　(キリスト教の)異教徒

All female mammmals produce milk to nourish to their young.
nourish a feeling of hatred　　憎しみをつのらせる
The placenta absorbs nourishment and oxygen from the mother's blood.

enlighten the heathen　　異教徒を導く
We were greatly enlightened by the lecture.

hardy　　頑丈な
sturdy　　たくましい、屈強な、元気な
starvation　飢え
thirst　　　渇き
famine　　　飢饉、欠乏

Hardy young people like mountaineering.
He is small but sturdy.
sturdy furniture

The famine was caused by the failure of the potate crop.
a water famine　　ひどい水不足

mate　結婚する、交尾する
conspecific　同種の
wavelength　波長
encounter　偶然出くわす、出会う
flutter　　羽ばたきする
ginko　　イチョウ

She encountered an old friends on the street.
The leaves of a ginko tree fluttered down.
イチョウの葉がひらひら舞い落ちた。
A white-and-red flag was fluttering over the headquarters.
本部の上には白と赤の旗がはためいていた。

flatter　お世辞を言う、おだてて･･･させる
briefly　簡潔に、しばらくの間
brief　　短時間の、束の間の、簡潔な
copulate　交尾する
attempt　試みる、試み

You flatter me.　お口が上手ですね。
flatter him into singing　彼をおだてて歌わせる。
Summarize the problem briefly, specificaly, and clearly.
問題店を簡潔、具体的かつ明確に要約しなさい。
He studied at the New York College and briefly Harverd.
彼はニューヨーク大学で学び、短期間ハーバードでも学んだ。

Life is brief.　人生は短い。
Give me a brief explanation of how the mistake happened.

desperate attempt　必死の試み
futile attempt　　無益な試み
She went to Paris with the futile hope of becoming an opera singer.

endeavor　試み、努力
considerate　理解がある、思いやりがある
You should endeavor to be more considerate of others.

confront 　向かい合う、対面する
cue　　　合図、きっかけ、ヒント
prompt　　刺激するもの、思い出させるもの
indication　指示、暗示、徴候
token　　　　しるし、証拠、徴候

two armies confronting each other　にらみ合う両軍
miss a cue　　きっかけをつかみ損なう
Give him some indication of what to do.
彼にすべきことを指示しなさい。
A white flag is a token of surrender.　白旗は降伏のしるしだ。
a token from my dead mother　　　私の亡き母の形見

glue　接着剤、のり、貼り付ける
paste　　のり
attach　貼り付ける、くっつける

We glued to the TV.　テレビに釘付けになる
Glue yourselves to your homework.　宿題に集中しなさい。
attach a label to a package

stick　突き刺す、刺し殺す、貼り付ける、執着する
adhere　　くっつく、粘着する、固く守る
adherence　執着、信奉
adherent　(形)粘着する、執着する　(名)支持者
rigidly　　厳格に

Be careful not to stick your finger with on the needle.
針で指を刺さないように気をつけなさい。
stick a stamp on the envelope　封筒に切手を貼る
stick up a poster with paste　のりでポスターを貼る
stick it out　がんばってやり抜く

adhere rigidly to the rule　規則を厳守する
adhere to tradition　伝統にこだわる
adherents of free economy　自由経済の支持者
They insisted on sxtreme adherence to biblical principles.

fasten　しっかり留める、締まる、しがみつく
lapel　えりの折り返し、ラペル
cling　　くっつく、粘着する、しがみつく
vine　　ブドウの木、ツタ

She fastened the picture on the wall.
fasten the badge to the lapel　えりにバッジをつける
The sweaty shirt clung to my body.
A vine clings to the tree.
I clung to the TV.

mounted　固定した、貼り付けた
subject　服従させる、さらす、征服する
captive　人質、捕虜
torture　拷問、責苦

a roof-mounted antenna　屋根に取り付けられたアンテナ
The king subjected all the surroundings countries to his rule.
王は支配下に置いた
subject a captive to torture　捕虜を拷問にかける
They were subjected to great hardship.
彼らは大変苦労した。

scant　乏しい、十分でない
devise　工夫する
scanty　乏しい、足りない
scarcely　かろうじて、ほとんど…ない、絶対…ない

They wore scant clothing devised of leaves.
a scant ten inches　10インチたらずの長さ
live on a scanty income　わずかな収入で暮らす
scarcely twenty people　20人そこそこ
I scarcely know him.　彼をほとんど知らない。

quartz　石英、水晶
transmit　を通す、送る、伝達する
transmission　伝達、伝染
convey　運ぶ、移す

transmit a disease　病気をうつす
Woods does not transmit electricity.　木は電気を通さない。
medical image transmission system　医療用画像転送システム
convey passengers by train　乗客を電車で運ぶ
convey a disease to him　　病気を彼に移す

diffuse　放散させる、流布させる
filter　　フィルター、濾過器

diffuse light　散光
The sunlight was diffused in the darkeness of the room.
diffuse leaning　学問を広げる

evident　明白な
testimony　証拠、証明
distinctly　はっきりと、明瞭に
definitely　明白に
noticeably　顕著に

markedly　　明白に
manifestly　明白に
vaguely　　　曖昧に、漠然と
indistinctly　曖昧に

plainly　明白に、質素に
plain　　明白な、質素な
dimly　　薄暗く、ぼんやりと
dim　　　薄暗い、ぼやけた

in plain speech　わかりやすく言えば
plain living and high thinking　質素な暮らしと高尚な思考
dim memories　おぼろげな記憶
eyes dim with tears　涙でかすんだ目

gorgeous　華やかな、すばらしい
elegant　　上品な、優雅な
magnificent　壮大な、豪華な
magnificence　壮大さ、すばらしさ
identical 　　全く同一の、同様の
identify　　同一であると認める、同様の

magnificent words　格調高い言葉
the identical person　同一人物、本人
This is the identical hotel where we stayed before.
an identical equation　恒等式

from an identified souces　確かな情報から
All Japanese identified themselves with middle class.

anonymous　匿名の、無名の
pigment　　色素、顔料
dye　　　　染料
stain　　　しみ、傷

The donor wishes to remain anonymous.
a anonymous letter　匿名の手紙
an anonymous book　筆者不明の本

three primary-coler pigment　三原色顔料
There is a new stain on the carpet.
That left a stain on his good.
それによって彼の名声に傷がついた。

translucent　半透明の
transparent　透明な、率直な
transparency　透明
visible　　　目に見える、明白な

a transparent curtain　透けて見えるカーテン
a transparent lie　　　見え透いたうそ
transparent sincerity　ありのままの誠実さ、誠実そのもの

perceptible　感知できる、かなりの
invisible　　目に見えない
imperceptible　感知できない
indiscernible　識別できない、見分けられない
discernible　　識別できる

The sound was barely perceptible. その音はかろうじて聞こえた。
a perceptible delay　かなりの遅れ
The sounds which are imperceptible to the human ear.
人間の耳には感知できない音
His wife's influence is discernible in some of his early novels.

discern　見分ける、認識する
ulraviolet　紫外線、紫外線の

I soon discerned from her silence that she was angry.
It won't be long before she discerns that he is not telling the truth.
ultraviolet rays　紫外線

【ORIGINAL】
I think that colleges should allow students to declare their major up to the end of their freshman year, because freshmen don't know the interest of learning and which major fit to theirself. We cannot understand the interest of learning until we study to some extent. If we decided the major right away, distinction between imagination and reality would prevent them to study hard.

【MODEL ANSWER】
vice versa　逆もまた同様
stich to　　に特化する

It sounds like a good idea we don't have to choose the major, but I think that most freshman have a pretty good idea what they want to study. Some political majors will become business majors and vice versa, most people will stick to their chosen major. If we choose the major before first semester we have the advantages of finding out right away if we don't like that major, or having a head start in taking couses if we do like it. Therefore, I think choosing our major before we start freshman year is better.

akin　　同種の、類似した
analogous　類似した、相似の
equivalent　同等の、同価値の
comparable　比較できる、類似の

Your opinion are akin to mine.
Everybody felt something akin to pity.　だれもが同情に似たものを感じていた。
Dragons is analogous with snakes.

a fine equivalent to weekly pay　週給に相当する罰金
The two old coins are equivalent in value.

He is a scientist comparable to Einstein.　
彼はアインシュタインにもひけをとらない科学者だ。
The tree is comparable in size to the dinasour.
この木は恐竜にも匹敵する大きさだ。

deter　妨げる
flee　逃げる
discourage　落胆させる、妨げる
investigation　調査
prevent　妨げる

We have to deter an enemy attack.
The government took steps to deter them from fleeing the island by sea.
政府は彼らが海づたいに島から逃げるのを妨げる策を講じた。

I was discouraged at the news.
Government discouraged foreign imports by imposing heavy duties.
政府は高い関税をかけて外国からの輸入を抑えた。

impede　　　を邪魔する、を妨げる
impediment 　故障、障害

Nothig will impede your research.
His poor health is an impediment to his study.

tone　音、調子
pitch　調子、高さ、投球
tinge　　薄い色合い、〜気味

He always speak in an angry tone.　彼がいつも怒った口調で話す。
Don't take that tone with me.　そんな言い方しないでくれ。
I don't like your tone of voice.　君の横柄な口のきき方が嫌だ。
the pitch of a voice　声の高さ

a gray tinge　灰色がかった色
There is a tinge of sadness in the music.　その音楽はどことなく悲しい。
It took on a red tinge.　それは赤味を帯びていた。

communicative　伝達の、話好きの
talkative　　　話好きの、おしゃべりな
eloquent　　　雄弁な、よく表す
eloquence　　雄弁(術)

competence　能力、力量
His competence to drive is high.
His competence in coping with a problem is high.

communicative competence　コミュニケーション能力
communicative repertoire コミュニケーションのレパートリー

diminish　減少する、減らす
parliamentary　　議会の
parliamentary government　議会政治
ebb　引き潮、減退
lessen　減らす、見くびる

Unforseen expenses diminished his savings.
It'll be a scandal that deminishes the authority of parliamentary democracy.
それは議会制民主主義の権威を傷つけるスキャンダルになるだろう。

the ebb and flow of the sea　海の干満
Her popularity is at a low ebb.　彼女の人気は下り坂である。
the ebb and flow of life 　人生の隆盛

The event will lessen the tention.　緊張を緩和するだろう。
He lessened the speed of his car.

dwindle　だんだん小さくする
drain　　を排出させる、を空にする
crucially　決定的に
crucial　　重要な、決定的な

January dwindled out.　1月も残り少なくなった。
We drain water out into a ditch.　溝へ排水する。
I am in the crucial stage.　決定的な段階にいるんだ！

conclusive　決定的な、重要な
deciding 　決定的な
decisive　　決定的な
acute　　　ひどい、深刻な、先の尖った

This is conclusive evidence fo her innocence.　彼女の無実の確証
USA give a conclusive reply to Japan.

a deciding factor　決定的要因
the deciding vote　決定投票
a decisive battle　　決戦
a decisive step　　決定的な一歩

an acute shortage of engineers　深刻な技術者不足
acute pain　　　　　激痛
acute intelligence　鋭い知性
an acute angle　　　鋭角

dentist 　歯医者
injection　注射、注入
inject　　　注射する
vaccination　予防接種

The donctor give him an injection.
He would often inject humor into his talks.
I have a vaccination against measles.　はしかの予防接種

insert　　挿入する
insertion　挿入
penetrate　貫通する
penetrationg　貫通する、鋭い、洞察力のある
penetration　　貫通

We insert an ad in the paper.
insertion order　広告掲載の申し込み
The bullet penetrated his stomach.

She give him a penetrate glance.　鋭い目付きで彼を見る。
a penetrationg intellect　明敏な知識人
I am a thinker of great penetration.　洞察力に富む思想家

soka　を浸す、吸収する
bandage　包帯
bind　　結ぶ　bind-bound-bound
wound　　傷

He bound the wound but it was so deep that the bandage became soaked with blood immediately.

numb　　　　麻痺させる
insensitive　鈍感な、無感覚な
frozen　　身動きできない
stun　　　気絶させる、呆然とさせる
stunning 　肝をつぶすような、素敵な
sensation　感覚、大評判

a numb sensation 　まひ感
My legs went completely numb.
The patient was unconscious and insensitive to pain.

He stun her into silence.　驚かせて口をきけなくする
They were completely stunned to see their own houses washed away by the flood.

a stunnning girl　素敵な少女

incline　 を…する気にさせる
bias 　　傾向
biased　　偏った、偏見を持った
impartial　偏らない、公平な
deflection　　かたより、歪み

She is inclined to be irritable.　彼女はカッとなる傾向がある。
Reporters must be impartial and not show political bias.
She is biased against him. 彼女は彼に偏見を持っている。

indicator　　尺度
irritable　怒りっぽい、短気な
nanesthetic 麻痺の
temporary　束の間の
permanent　永遠の

An increase in demand in August is not a key economic indicator.

【ORIGINAL】
I look up to John Kennes Galbraith, American famous economist. It's pity that he died in 2006. But if I could have a dinner with him, I would talk about "Affluent Society" with him. And, I would disccus what to do to make better society. I think that capitalism is not complete, so I want to make new social mechanism with him.

【MODEL ANSWER】
If I could have a dinner with any famous person, I would choose President Bush in the U.S.A. My friends might be shocked to hear me say that, because generally I disagree with many of his policies. I think, however, that in his heart, he's got good intentions. Because I would want to discuss many things with him, and maybe persuade him to change his mind, I would choose simple restaurant like steak house where we could relax and we wouldn't distracted by the food, which might be happen, I think, if we went to expensive sushi restaurant and any other really fancy restaurants.

【ORIGINAL】
I think that apartment is better for students, because it is necessary for them to be alone to bring up their independency. Of course, it needs more expense to live in an apartment, however, it is still important for young people to be alone. After their graduate, we will not able to be alone, let alone after marriage. So, we have last chance to be alone now.

【MODEL ANSWER】
ideal　　理想の
sterile　不毛の
charm　　　魅力
character　個性

All my life, I've live in a small two-bedroom apartment with my parents and my youger brother, so I've never had my own room. Therefore, I want to live in a big old house with many room, for example, a living room, a big kitchen, and a separete danining room, and maybe even a big sunny room with many plants. I love plants. My ideal house also have a big backyard and a beautiful view of some mountains and a lake. I prefer old houses because I feel that modern homes are cold and sterile but old houses have a lot of charm and character. I especially like old wooden houses.